The former player: 'I really wanted to continue playing'
Warning: This article contains descriptions of discriminatory comments and conduct
Ex-England player Luther Burrell says that going public to reveal racial discrimination in professional rugby brought his career to an premature conclusion.
In a 2022 interview, Burrell characterized racism as being "rife" in the game, displaying Whatsapp messages and recalling training ground "comments" he had been exposed to while playing for Newcastle.
At that time 34 and out of contract, Burrell's only professional rugby since has been a handful of games with invitational side the Barbarians.
"I've have definitely had to end my career because of what went on," he told reporters.
"I really hoped to carry on playing, of course I did. I pursued that, and it collapsed when word emerged that there were investigations underway.
"This situation was difficult - I had to simply come to terms with the fate and understand that this whole situation is a lot more important than me."
A sports organization investigation in 2023 found Burrell's allegations were true "on the balance of probability", but stated it could not collect enough proof to categorically say they occurred at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell started all of England's Six Nations games in 2014 and 2015, but was surprisingly excluded for their squad for the 2015 tournament
Burrell revealed to media he also faced discrimination within the England set-up, during a international career that saw him earn 15 appearances after his debut in February 2014.
"I have had multiple traumatic experiences within the national team," he said.
"Some discrimination and some just outdated thinking that's really inappropriate."
Racism had become accepted in dressing rooms, in Burrell's view.
"It's something that has been dressed up as banter and that's been the issue that I've personally experienced and seen," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican descent.
"Over a period of time you just begin to believe that it's the norm and that is fine and that it's not malicious, but that's nonsense."
Burrell explains he was finally spurred to speak out after a fellow player at Newcastle referred to him as a "enslaved person" and told him to put sunscreen on his wrists and ankles "where your shackles were."
The governing body said Burrell's disclosures had led to "increased scrutiny at the culture within the elite game and to the implementation of an strategy for the elite level."
"The organization has given considerable focus on inclusion and diversity in the sport and a great deal of work undertaken both prior and since Luther Burrell spoke publicly and revealed his encounters of racism and classism," it added.
"We are ongoing work with teams and stakeholders in the elite level to work for a culture of inclusivity but recognize this takes time and is an continuous effort."
Every Premiership and PWR club now has face-to-face training on creating welcoming environments, with its effectiveness tracked via individual reports and feedback.
All England athletes, including age-grade squads, are trained in being "active bystanders" to step in and defend others from damaging conduct.
"You be so proud of what you have accomplished," Burrell's mother Joyce told him as part of the film Luther Burrell - Rugby, Racism and Redemption.
"I know it has had this effect on you and finished your playing days, but in our eyes, you have achieved so much. We are so proud of you and to have you as a son."
Burrell's father Geoff passed away soon after the filming of the film, and his sister died earlier this year.
Burrell, who grew up on a council estate in his hometown, continues his work to make the sport more open.
His charitable organization works to connect with young people in under-served communities and help them succeed on and off the pitch with free sports coaching, guidance and nutrition education.
"My intentions are pure, I want to see the evolution of the sport and if nobody else is prepared to share their experience then I'll persist to advocate for that cause because I'm not just pursuing this for myself," he explained.
"We have an responsibility to make the game as excellent as it can be and the more I talk about it perhaps the more comfortable others will feel about sharing their personal stories as well.
"I take the challenge by the horns and continue carrying this banner and keep supporting this responsibility and accomplish what I can to create opportunities and make the game more attractive and more welcoming.
"There are a lot of underprivileged young people and a lot of poverty and I honestly believe that the sport has the potential to transform their lives, just as it transformed things for me."
Burrell scored for the Barbarians on a return to previous team Northampton in late 2022